Competition, faster release cycles, and the need for continued improved financial results, drove arcade manufacturers into operational optimization and standardization efforts with the ultimate goal of focusing into their true core business: producing successful video games, not hardware.
With the introduction in 1988 of the Capcom Play System 1 (CPS-1) by Capcom, the company signaled a new era in game design quality and hardware platform maturity.
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| An original CPS-1 Street Fighter II CE kit from my personal collection |
The CPS-1 system was Capcom's bet in standardizing its own game release cycle, and the new system gave birth to 32 new game titles, about 137 if we count in game revisions and market specific localized versions. Its 16 bits and extended capabilities served as publishing vehicle for successful franchises such as Capcom's worldwide hit: Street Fighter II.
According to one release flyer from the UK distributor Electrocoin, the new system took 2 years to develop and a total investment of $5,000,000 USD ($10 million in 2015 money). But take this information just as a reference, the flyer happens to be full of marketing driven inaccuracies such as the claim about the system containing three 68000 cpu cores... (Thanks Haze for the finding).
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| Electrocoin UK CPS-1 advertisement. Source: arcade-museum.com |
In production for a total of 12 years (1988-2000) and 6 known revisions, CPS-1 is probably one of the most successful hardware platforms in the history of the arcade industry and Capcom's first truly modular/reusable system. The reach of CPS-1 even includes a failed attempt to penetrate the home video game market.
CPS-1 the detail
The design consist of a number of interconnected pcbs known as A, B and the later added C board and Q-sound board. Here's a description of each layer:
- A: the base board containing most of the system hardware. eg: cpu, memory, sound, etc...
- B: the game rom board containing a combined number of mask roms and/or eproms.
- C (later added): an small satellite board containing a video logic custom chip, and sometimes additional IO.
- QSound (later added): a full size intermediate board providing new sound capabilities, the board is sandwiched in between A and B.
Note: C board was introduced right after the two initial game releases: Forgotten Worlds & Ghosts and Ghouls, and wasn't part of the original CPS-1 design. Instead, its contents were an integral part of the B board.
CPS-1 Technical specs: (source: Wikipedia)
- CPU
- Primary: Motorola 68000 @ 10 MHz (some later boards 12 MHz)
- Secondary: Zilog Z-80 @ 3.579 MHz
- Sound Chips:
- Yamaha YM2151 @ 3.579 MHz
- Oki OKI6295 @ 7.576 MHz, Stereo
- Display
- Resolution: Raster, 384x224 @ 59.6294 Hz
- Color Depth: 12 bit RGB with a 4 bit brightness value
- Colors available: 4096
- Onscreen colors: 3072 (192 global palettes with 16 colors each)
- Sprites:
- Simultaneously displayable: 256 (per scanlines)
- Sizes: 16x16, max. 16 colors (15 unique + 1 transparent)
- Vertical and Horizontal Flipping capability
- Tiles: Sizes 8x8, 16x16, 32x32 with 16 colors (15 unique + 1 transparent)
- Tile Maps: 3 Maps, 512x512, 1024x1024, 2048x2048 pixel
- 68K RAM: 64 KB WORK RAM + 192 KB VRAM (Shadow)
- PPU: 192 KB VRAM + 16 KB CACHE RAM
- Z80 RAM: 2 KB WORK RAM
CPS-1 evolution
The CPS-1 platform went through five clear differentiated evolutionary phases. The first release of the platform consisted only of a two layer design which missed what we know today as the C board.
1988 Forgotten Worlds
A two layer design with QFP soldered mask roms.
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| CPS-1 launch title Forgotten Worlds. Photo by James Greenhalgh. |
1989 Strider
A three layer design introducing the top C satellite board. QFP mask roms are gone, uses standard DIP roms instead. This modern layout stays for most of the CPS-1 lifetime.
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| CPS-1 Strider. Photo taken from arcade-system.com |
1991/92 Street Fighter II Champion Edition
The system gains a 20% speed bump by increasing the system frequency from 10Mhz to 12Mhz. With SF II the C board features additional IO for the extended game controls (6 buttons per player).
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| Street Fighter II Champion Edition board |
1992 Capcom World 2
Some CPS-1 releases are enclosed inside a partial soft case including a title marketing sticker. The system features the same three layer design.
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| Capcom World 2 enclosed in a soft case |
Updated CPS-1 design known as CPS Dash (or CPS 1.5). Four layer design featuring a new intermediate QSound board. All enclosed inside a hard case that includes an internal fan. This is the final update to the CPS-1 platform.
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| CPS (1.5) Dash hard case with QSound for the game Warriors of Fate. |
This last update also saw a failed attempt of marketing CPS Dash as a home videogame system. The system was known as Capcom Power System Changer. Below is an original mailer about the system and its accessories:
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| Capcom Power System Changer. Photo taken from therealundamned.blogspot.com |
One of the many milestones of CPS-1 is probably the reduction in the dependency of TTL chips, a family of logic chips widely used in the arcade video game industry since its very beginnings. With the introduction of CPS-1, Capcom also introduced a number of custom ASIC chips bringing new system capabilities, as well as a significant reduction in board density and complexity.
An ASIC is basically a custom chip built on request to meet a certain specification. In basic terms think of it as a relative easy way (if you have the required upfront investment capital) of integrating many off the shelf logic parts into just one.
A couple of these custom chips found in CPS-1 are the video logic ASICs known as A-XX and B-XX.
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| Left: CPS custom B. Right: CPS custom A |
Rather than being mission specific, these chips do combine several video functions (scrolling, layer controls, palettes, memory transfers, etc... ) and as you can see in the photos above both came in high IO density QFP chip packages.
The strange case of COMCO
One good story about these customs is the apparent existence of a full A-01 custom clone under the comical brand "COMCO". Did anyone back then leak, sold, or steal the designs of this chip from Capcom? Or perhaps someone in the 90s embarked into fully reversing it? Whichever the case, who did it was resourceful enough and had the investment capacity to successfully reproduce and manufacture working clone parts.
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| Left: COMCO A-01 clone. Right: CAPCOM A-01 original part. |
I find this particular story amusing and believe it deserves a future investigation. Thanks to Fabrizio (Caius) for exposing the existence of the clone.
CPS-1 security
The overall reason for the existence of the C board is copy protection. The B-XX custom was manufactured with a different unique internal configuration in almost every new game, preventing operators from simply changing roms from title to title. Eg: converting old dated games into new releases without the right.
With the release of the game "Three Wonders", custom B-XX underwent its last known revision (B-21) which saw the introduction of an on-chip internal memory backed by an external battery.
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| CPS-1 C board with custom revision B-21. Battery shown on the left. |
This custom component gave Capcom the ability of having a dynamic internal configuration without the need to update and build new B-XX custom chips with every release, an operational optimization that most probably simplified Capcom's life and introduced long term savings on production cost.
The long term consequences of this practice? Lose the battery, lose the game. As discussed earlier this practice probably helped Capcom with stopping plain and simple piracy attempts. But did this stop professional bootleggers? Clearly not as we know today CPS-1 and its army of hit games have been cloned to infinity.
On the positive side the perceived survivability of the B-21 battery is strong. The custom is known to hold for an impressive number of years on its original battery, most have survived 20+ years and many even still go on today. In any case, for us collectors in the post arcade industry era, this battery backed chip represents a problem to overcome in order to keep working unmodified originals of our CPS-1 titles.
CPS-1 the challenge
With the idea of uncovering the CPS-1 B-XX custom secrets and providing the arcade community with complete control over their hardware, I teamed with the almighty Digshadow and went ahead on a quest to reverse engineer this mysterious chip.
What's inside CPS-1 B-21? Who manufactured it? Can it be desuicided and reprogramed? To our satisfaction all of these questions (and more) already have an answer. During the next coming days a series of articles will provide you the insights and full disclosure on all of the B-21 custom secrets. Ready to discover what Capcom didn't want you know?
Stay tuned.
Update: Part 2 now available
